Analisis Rantai Pasok Produk Beras dari Kabupaten Konawe Selatan ke Kota Kendari

This study aims to find out how the supply chain of rice from South Konawe to Kendari. This type of research is included in descriptive research or categorized in qualitative research method by using survey method that is described, explain and interpret a phenomenon that occurs on an object and data is qualitative, ie data that is described with words or sentences by category to obtain a conclusion. This research was conducted in South Konawe Village specifically at UD. Fandi in Laeya District, South Konawe District in August 2017. Data collection techniques were conducted through observation, interviews, discussions with supply chain members and documentation at the research sites. Supply Chain of rice products from South Konawe District to Kendari City starts from Farmers, Rice Millers, Distributors UD Fandi, Retailer and Final Consumer. Farmers as rice suppliers cultivate and sell their crops to the rice mills, then the mills' process rice from farmers into rice products to be sold to Distributor. In this research, the Distributor Party also as the owner of rice milling, after the packaging of rice products, will then be distributed to retailers both in South Konawe District itself and outside the region, especially Kendari City distributor of UD. Fandi has a rice warehouse which is a shelter of rice products that will be sold to retailers in Kendari City. The selling price of rice products from Distributor UD. Fandi is accepted by retailers in South Konawe and outside Kendari especially divided by size, for rice with size 50 kg sold with price Rp. 420.000, - and for rice with size 25 kg sold with price Rp. 220.000, Furthermore the retailers will repackage the rice products into several sizes that are tailored to the needs of the end consumer is the size of 10 kg, and size 5 kg. for rice with size 10 kg sold with price Rp. 110.000, - and rice with size 5 kg sold with price Rp. 55.000, -. But retailers also sell rice with liter sizes which for liters sold to consumers at a price of Rp. 8,000-8,500, / litres. This is done to adjust to the level of end consumer needs

Life history differences across a latitudinal gradient in side-blotched lizards (Uta stansburiana)

Latitudinal variation has long been known to affect life history. Bergmann and Allen made latitudinal “rules” for mammalian anatomy and Lack, Skutch, and Moreau described differences in life history in birds. Trade-offs occur between important life history processes, like self maintenance (immunity) and other expensive but necessary processes. It is likely that trade-offs occur mostly when resources are limited. Side-blotched lizards have a wide geographic range, and more northerly lizards have been observed to have longer lifespans than their southern conspecifics. We hypothesized that northern sideblotched lizards would invest more energy into self-maintenance compared to shorter-lived southern animals

Mindreading in the balance : adults' mediolateral leaning and anticipatory looking foretell others' action preparation in a false-belief interactive task

Anticipatory looking on mindreading tasks can indicate our expectation of an agent's action. The challenge is that social situations are often more complex, involving instances where we need to track an agent's false belief to successfully identify the outcome to which an action is directed. If motor processes can guide how action goals are understood, it is conceivable— where that kind of goal ascription occurs in false-belief tasks— for motor representations to account for someone's belief-like state. Testing adults (N = 42) in a real-time interactive helping scenario, we discovered that participants' early mediolateral motor activity (leftwards– rightwards leaning on balance board) foreshadowed the agent's belief-based action preparation. These results suggest fast belief-tracking can modulate motor representations generated in the course of one's interaction with an agent. While adults' leaning, and anticipatory looking, revealed the contribution of fast false-belief tracking, participants did not correct the agent's mistake in their final helping action. These discoveries suggest that adults may not necessarily use another's belief during overt social interaction or find reflecting on another's belief as being normatively relevant to one's own choice of action. Our interactive task design offers a promising way to investigate how motor and mindreading processes may be variously integrated

Analisis Integrasi Vertikal Pasar Komoditas Cabai Rawit (Capsicum Frutescens L.) di Provinsi Sulawesi Tenggara

This research is motivated by the unequal production of cayenne pepper in all regency cities in Southeast Sulawesi, Resulting in the distribution to some regions that cause price changes that may occur at any time. Changes in the price of cayenne pepper are used by intermediary traders to manipulate prices at the consumer level and at the producer level, the data shows that between 1992 and 2014 there was a difference between the price of cayenne pepper between the consumer market and the producer market. The purpose of this study was to analyze the vertical integration of commodity market of cayenne pepper (Capsicum frutescens L.) in Southeast Sulawesi. This research was conducted in January 2017 until May 2017. The data used are secondary data sourced from Disperindag and BPS in the form of time series data from 1992 to 2014. The analysis method used is Johansen Cointegration and Vector Error Correction Model (VECM). The results show that the vertical market of cayenne pepper between producers and consumers in Southeast Sulawesi has been integrated with the long term, While in the short term there has been no integration of producer and consumer markets. Where price relation occurs only one direction that producer price influence consumer price while consumer price does not influence producer price, If both markets are interconnected then the market is integrated. Based on this, it is expected that the active role of extension agents and farmer groups to provide price information, So that producers, can know the price information that occurs at the consumer level vice versa

Higher Prostate Weight Is Inversely Associated With Gleason Score Upgrading In Radical Prostatectomy Specimens

Background. Protective factors against Gleason upgrading and its impact on outcomes after surgery warrant better definition. Patients and Methods. Consecutive 343 patients were categorized at biopsy (BGS) and prostatectomy (PGS) as Gleason score, ≤6, 7, and ≥8; 94 patients (27.4%) had PSA recurrence, mean followup 80.2 months (median 99). Independent predictors of Gleason upgrading (logistic regression) and disease-free survival (DFS) (Kaplan-Meier, log-rank) were determined. Results. Gleason discordance was 45.7% (37.32% upgrading and 8.45% downgrading). Upgrading risk decreased by 2.4% for each 1 g of prostate weight increment, while it increased by 10.2% for every 1 ng/mL of PSA, 72.0% for every 0.1 unity of PSA density and was 21 times higher for those with BGS 7. Gleason upgrading showed increased clinical stage (P = 0.019), higher tumor extent (P = 0.009), extraprostatic extension (P = 0.04), positive surgical margins (P < 0.001), seminal vesicle invasion (P = 0.003), less "insignificant" tumors (P < 0.001), and also worse DFS, χ 2 = 4.28, df = 1, P = 0.039. However, when setting the final Gleason score (BGS ≤ 6 to PGS 7 versus BGS 7 to PGS 7), avoiding allocation bias, DFS impact is not confirmed, χ 2 = 0.40, df = 1, P = 0.530. Conclusions. Gleason upgrading is substantial and confers worse outcomes. Prostate weight is inversely related to upgrading and its protective effect warrants further evaluation. © 2013 Leonardo Oliveira Reis et al.Pinthus, J.H., Witkos, M., Fleshner, N.E., Sweet, J., Evans, A., Jewett, M.A., Krahn, M., Trachtenberg, J., Prostate Cancers Scored as Gleason 6 on Prostate Biopsy are Frequently Gleason 7 Tumors at Radical Prostatectomy: Implication on Outcome (2006) Journal of Urology, 176 (3), pp. 979-984. , DOI 10.1016/j.juro.2006.04.102, PII S0022534706011645King, C.R., McNeal, J.E., Gill, H., Presti Jr., J.C., Extended prostate biopsy scheme improves reliability of Gleason grading: Implications for radiotherapy patients (2004) International Journal of Radiation Oncology Biology Physics, 59 (2), pp. 386-391. , DOI 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2003.10.014, PII S0360301603021187Chun, F.K., Steuber, T., Erbersdobler, A., Currlin, E., Walz, J., Schlomm, T., Haese, A., Karakiewicz, P.I., Development and internal validation of a nomogram predicting the probability of prostate cancer Gleason sum upgrading between biopsy and radical prostatectomy pathology (2006) European Urology, 49 (5), pp. 820-826. , 2-s2.0-33645760008 10.1016/j.eururo.2005.11.007Gonzalgo, M.L., Bastian, P.J., Mangold, L.A., Trock, B.J., Epstein, J.I., Walsh, P.C., Partin, A.W., Relationship between primary Gleason pattern on needle biopsy and clinicopathologic outcomes among men with Gleason score 7 adenocarcinoma of the prostate (2006) Urology, 67 (1), pp. 115-119. , DOI 10.1016/j.urology.2005.07.037, PII S0090429505011337Kvåle, R., Møller, B., Wahlqvist, R., Fosså, S.D., Berner, A., Busch, C., Kyrdalen, A.E., Halvorsen, O.J., Concordance between Gleason scores of needle biopsies and radical prostatectomy specimens: A population-based study (2009) BJU International, 103 (12), pp. 1647-1654. , 2-s2.0-67149126604 10.1111/j.1464-410X.2008.08255.xBillis, A., Magna, L.A., Ferreira, U., Correlation between tumor extent in radical prostatectomies and preoperative PSA, histological grade, surgical margins, and extraprostatic extension: Application of a new practical method for tumor extent evaluation (2003) International Braz J Urol, 29 (2), pp. 113-120Epstein, J.I., Allsbrook Jr., W.C., Amin, M.B., Egevad, L.L., Bastacky, S., Lopez Beltran, A., Berner, A., Young, R.H., The 2005 International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) consensus conference on Gleason grading of prostatic carcinoma (2005) American Journal of Surgical Pathology, 29 (9), pp. 1228-1242. , DOI 10.1097/01.pas.0000173646.99337.b1Cookson, M.S., Aus, G., Burnett, A.L., Canby-Hagino, E.D., D'Amico, A.V., Dmochowski, R.R., Eton, D.T., Thompson, I., Variation in the Definition of Biochemical Recurrence in Patients Treated for Localized Prostate Cancer: The American Urological Association Prostate Guidelines for Localized Prostate Cancer Update Panel Report and Recommendations for a Standard in the Reporting of Surgical Outcomes (2007) Journal of Urology, 177 (2), pp. 540-545. , DOI 10.1016/j.juro.2006.10.097, PII S0022534706028576Colleselli, D., Pelzer, A.E., Steiner, E., Ongarello, S., Schaefer, G., Bartsch, G., Schwentner, C., Upgrading of Gleason score 6 prostate cancers on biopsy after prostatectomy in the low and intermediate tPSA range (2010) Prostate Cancer and Prostatic Diseases, 13 (2), pp. 182-185. , 2-s2.0-77952543434 10.1038/pcan.2009.54Montironi, R., Mazzucchelli, R., Scarpelli, M., Lopez-Beltran, A., Mikuz, G., Algaba, F., Boccon-Gibod, L., Prostate carcinoma II: Prognostic factors in prostate needle biopsies (2006) BJU International, 97 (3), pp. 492-497. , 2-s2.0-33645000123 10.1111/j.1464-410X.2006.05973.xFitzsimons, N.J., Presti Jr., J.C., Kane, C.J., Terris, M.K., Aronson, W.J., Amling, C.L., Freedland, S.J., Is Biopsy Gleason Score Independently Associated With Biochemical Progression Following Radical Prostatectomy After Adjusting for Pathological Gleason Score? (2006) Journal of Urology, 176 (6), pp. 2453-2458. , DOI 10.1016/j.juro.2006.08.014, PII S0022534706019665Müntener, M., Epstein, J.I., Hernandez, D.J., Gonzalgo, M.L., Mangold, L., Humphreys, E., Walsh, P.C., Nielsen, M.E., Prognostic significance of Gleason score discrepancies between needle biopsy and radical prostatectomy (2008) European Urology, 53 (4), pp. 767-776. , 2-s2.0-39549100371 10.1016/j.eururo.2007.11.016Serkin, F.B., Soderdahl, D.W., Cullen, J., Chen, Y., Hernandez, J., Patient risk stratification using Gleason score concordance and upgrading among men with prostate biopsy Gleason score 6 or 7 (2010) Urologic Oncology, 28 (3), pp. 302-307. , 2-s2.0-77951607370 10.1016/j.urolonc.2008.09.030Freedland, S.J., Kane, C.J., Amling, C.L., Aronson, W.J., Terris, M.K., Presti Jr., J.C., Upgrading and Downgrading of Prostate Needle Biopsy Specimens: Risk Factors and Clinical Implications (2007) Urology, 69 (3), pp. 495-499. , DOI 10.1016/j.urology.2006.10.036, PII S0090429506024502Sved, P.D., Gomez, P., Manoharan, M., Kim, S.S., Soloway, M.S., Limitations of biopsy Gleason grade: Implications for counseling patients with biopsy Gleason score 6 prostate cancer (2004) Journal of Urology, 172 (1), pp. 98-102. , DOI 10.1097/01.ju.0000132135.18093.d6Ozden, C., Oztekin, C.V., Ugurlu, O., Gokkaya, S., Yaris, M., Memis, A., Correlation between upgrading of prostate biopsy and biochemical failure and unfavorable pathology after radical prostatectomy (2009) Urologia Internationalis, 83 (2), pp. 146-150. , 2-s2.0-70349276002 10.1159/000230014Hong, S.K., Han, B.K., Lee, S.T., Kim, S.S., Min, K.E., Jeong, S.J., Jeong, H., Lee, S.E., Prediction of Gleason score upgrading in low-risk prostate cancers diagnosed via multi (≥12)-core prostate biopsy (2009) World Journal of Urology, 27 (2), pp. 271-276. , 2-s2.0-63649106008 10.1007/s00345-008-0343-3Dong, F., Jones, J.S., Stephenson, A.J., Magi-Galluzzi, C., Reuther, A.M., Klein, E.A., Prostate cancer volume at biopsy predicts clinically significant upgrading (2008) Journal of Urology, 179 (3), pp. 896-900. , 2-s2.0-39149109597 10.1016/j.juro.2007.10.060Liu, J.J., Brooks, J.D., Ferrari, M., Nolley, R., Presti Jr., J.C., Small prostate size and high grade disease-biology or artifact? (2011) Journal of Urology, 185 (6), pp. 2108-2111. , 2-s2.0-79955796559 10.1016/j.juro.2011.02.053Ngo, T.C., Conti, S.L., Shinghal, R., Presti Jr., J.C., Prostate size does not predict high grade cancer (2012) Journal of Urology, 187 (2), pp. 477-480. , 2-s2.0-84855603087 10.1016/j.juro.2011.10.042Rahmouni, A., Yang, A., Tempany, C.M., Frenkel, T., Epstein, J., Walsh, P., Leichner, P.K., Zerhouni, E., Accuracy of in-vivo assessment of prostatic volume by MRI and transrectal ultrasonography (1992) Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography, 16 (6), pp. 935-940. , 2-s2.0-0026481087Varma, M., Morgan, J.M., The weight of the prostate gland is an excellent surrogate for gland volume (2010) Histopathology, 57 (1), pp. 55-58. , 2-s2.0-77954546284 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2010.03591.

The Impact of Oxygen on Bacterial Enteric Pathogens

Bacterial enteric pathogens are responsible for a tremendous amount of foodborne illnesses every year through the consumption of contaminated food products. During their transit from contaminated food sources to the host gastrointestinal tract, these pathogens are exposed and must adapt to fluctuating oxygen levels to successfully colonize the host and cause diseases. However, the majority of enteric infection research has been conducted under aerobic conditions. To raise awareness of the importance in understanding the impact of oxygen, or lack of oxygen, on enteric pathogenesis, we describe in this review the metabolic and physiological responses of nine bacterial enteric pathogens exposed to environments with different oxygen levels. We further discuss the effects of oxygen levels on virulence regulation to establish potential connections between metabolic adaptations and bacterial pathogenesis. While not providing an exhaustive list of all bacterial pathogens, we highlight key differences and similarities among nine facultative anaerobic and microaerobic pathogens in this review to argue for a more in-depth understanding of the diverse impact oxygen levels have on enteric pathogenesis

Can music be figurative? Exploring the possibility of crossmodal similarities between music and visual arts

According to both experimental research and common sense, classical music is a better fit for figurative art than jazz. We hypothesize that similar fits may reflect underlying crossmodal structural similarities between music and painting genres. We present two preliminary studies aimed at addressing our hypothesis. Experiment 1 tested the goodness of the fit between two music genres (classical and jazz) and two painting genres (figurative and abstract). Participants were presented with twenty sets of six paintings (three figurative, three abstract) viewed in combination with three sound conditions: 1) silence, 2) classical music, or 3) jazz. While figurative paintings scored higher aesthetic appreciation than abstract ones, a gender effect was also found: the aesthetic appreciation of paintings in male participants was modulated by music genre, whilst music genre did not affect the aesthetic appreciation in female participants. Our results support only in part the notion that classical music enhances the aesthetic appreciation of figurative art. Experiment 2 aimed at testing whether the conceptual categories ‘figurative’ and ‘abstract’ can be extended also to music. In session 1, participants were first asked to classify 30 paintings (10 abstract, 10 figurative, 10 ambiguous that could fit either category) as abstract or figurative and the to rate them for pleasantness; in session 2 participants were asked to classify 40 excerpts of music (20 classical, 20 jazz) as abstract or figurative and to rate them for pleasantness. Paintings which were clearly abstract or figurative were all classified accordingly, while the majority of ambiguous paintings were classified as abstract. Results also show a gender effect for painting’s pleasantness: female participants rated higher ambiguous and abstract paintings. More interestingly, results show an effect of music genre on classification, showing that it is possible to classify music as figurative or abstract, thus supporting the hypothesis of cross-modal similarities between the two sensory-different artistic expressions